從礦場到電池：歐洲如何打造可追溯的 ESG 礦產鏈？

歐盟委員會於本週三（6 月 5 日）宣布新增 13 項位於歐盟境外的關鍵原物料開發計畫，以加強其在能源轉型、國防及航太領域的戰略自主性。此舉正值中國自今年 4 月起針對稀土磁鐵實施出口限制，導致歐洲各大車廠與供應鏈企業急尋北京官員會面，力圖避免生產中斷。

On Wednesday, June 5, 2025, the European Commission announced the addition of 13 new critical raw material (CRM) projects located outside the EU, aiming to strengthen the bloc’s strategic autonomy in the fields of energy transition, defense, and aerospace. This move comes amid China’s export restrictions on rare earth magnets, introduced in April, which have prompted European automakers and supply chain companies to urgently seek meetings with Chinese officials to avoid production disruptions.

歐盟產業事務專員史蒂芬・塞久內（Stéphane Séjourné）在記者會中強調：「我們必須降低對任何國家的依賴，尤其是中國這類高風險供應國。中國的出口禁令只會加強我們多元化來源的決心。」

Rare Earth Monopoly Raises Alarms: EU Pushes Ahead With Critical Raw Materials Act

Currently, China controls over 90% of global rare earth magnet processing capacity, which is vital for electric vehicles, fighter jets, and household electronics. China is also a dominant supplier of materials essential to renewable energy technologies, including lithium, cobalt, manganese, graphite, and components for solar panels. The EU seeks to reduce this dependency through systemic reforms.

稀土掌控權引發供應警訊，歐盟力推《關鍵原物料法案》

目前，中國控制全球超過 九成稀土磁鐵加工產能，這些磁鐵被廣泛應用於電動車、戰鬥機與家電產品等領域。中國亦是再生能源相關材料的主要供應者，包括鋰、鈷、錳、石墨與太陽能面板原件。歐盟希望透過制度改革，降低對這些關鍵原料的單一依賴。

此次公布的項目，是歐盟自 2023 年通過《關鍵原物料法案》（Critical Raw Materials Act）後的具體執行內容。根據該法案，歐盟設定至 2030 年之目標為：

The newly announced projects represent concrete steps following the adoption of the Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA) in 2023. Under this legislation, the EU has set the following targets to be achieved by 2030:

十三項境外專案分布廣泛，涵蓋鋰、稀土與石墨

新增的 13 項境外專案中，有 10 項聚焦於電動車電池所需金屬，如鋰、鈷、錳與石墨。另有 2 項稀土開採計畫，分別位於馬拉威與南非。其餘專案地點包括：

英國計畫聚焦於對國防工業關鍵的「鎢」開採，而烏克蘭與格陵蘭則啟動石墨資源的開發，其中格陵蘭計畫由 GreenRoc Strategic Materials 主導。

地緣政治壓力上升，格陵蘭與塞爾維亞項目備受矚目

其中，格陵蘭項目引發地緣政治高度關注。美國總統川普曾多次公開表示有意購併格陵蘭，使該丹麥海外領土成為美國影響力範圍的一環。據報導，美方曾計劃與格陵蘭簽署類似《自由聯合協議》（COFA）的安排，使美軍可自由駐紮、雙邊貿易享關稅優惠。

Thirteen International Projects Target Lithium, Rare Earths, and Graphite

Among the 13 new projects, 10 focus on battery metals essential for electric vehicles, such as lithium, cobalt, manganese, and graphite. Two rare earth extraction projects are planned in Malawi and South Africa. Other project locations include:

The UK project centers on tungsten mining, a critical material for the defense industry. Ukraine and Greenland are initiating graphite development projects, with GreenRoc Strategic Materials leading the Greenland initiative.

Geopolitical Pressure Mounts: Greenland and Serbia Projects Under Scrutiny

The Greenland project has drawn significant geopolitical attention. Former U.S. President Donald Trump had publicly expressed interest in purchasing Greenland, hoping to bring the Danish territory into the U.S. sphere of influence. Reports indicate the U.S. proposed a COFA-style agreement (Compact of Free Association), allowing U.S. military presence and tariff-free bilateral trade.

另外，由大型礦業公司力拓集團（Rio Tinto）主導的塞爾維亞「亞達鋰礦計畫（Jadar Project）」，則有潛力供應歐洲 90% 鋰需求。該計畫曾於 2022 年遭政府撤銷採礦權，後經法院裁定於 2023 年恢復。儘管具備經濟潛力，該項目仍遭當地民眾反對，憂心其對環境與水資源造成衝擊。

Another spotlighted project is the Jadar Lithium Project in Serbia, led by mining giant Rio Tinto, which has the potential to supply 90% of Europe’s lithium demand. Although the Serbian government revoked the mining permit in 2022 due to public opposition, the license was reinstated by a court ruling in 2023. Despite its economic promise, the project still faces resistance from local communities over environmental and water resource concerns.

Rio Tinto stated that, if successfully launched, the Jadar mine could produce 58,000 tons of lithium carbonate per year, positioning Serbia as a critical hub in Europe’s EV supply chain.

力拓表示，若順利啟動，亞達礦場預計每年可生產 58,000 噸碳酸鋰，將使塞爾維亞成為歐洲電動車供應鏈的關鍵樞紐。

預估投資達 55 億歐元，歐盟將提供多方資源協助

Estimated €5.5 Billion in Investment: EU Commits Funding and Support

According to the European Commission, these international projects are expected to require €5.5 billion (approximately $6.3 billion) in total investment. Funding will come from the European Commission, EU member states, and public investment banks, including procurement and financing support.

根據歐盟委員會估算，這些專案總投資需求約 55 億歐元（約 63 億美元），將獲得歐盟執委會、成員國與政策性銀行等多方融資與採購支持。這份名單的公布，亦使歐盟的關鍵戰略專案總數提升至 60 項；在今年 3 月，歐盟已公布過 47 項境內原料計畫。

With the latest additions, the EU’s total list of strategic CRM projects now stands at 60, following the announcement of 47 domestic projects earlier in March 2025.

歐盟官員強調，強化供應鏈自主性，已成為氣候目標、戰略產業與國際競爭力的共通基石。

EU officials underscored that strengthening raw material supply chain independence is becoming a shared foundation for achieving climate goals, industrial resilience, and global competitiveness.