加州與聯邦爆排放管轄權爭議 卡車製造商陷兩難

加州於 2023 年與多家車廠簽署《清潔卡車夥伴協議》（Clean Truck Partnership），規劃自 2024 至 2026 年逐步淘汰傳統引擎的生產，並逐年提高管制標準，同時保留部分彈性讓車廠調整符合方式。然而，今年 6 月美國國會透過聯合決議推翻了環保署（EPA）先前的政策。

A major dispute has erupted between California and the U.S. federal government over authority to set emissions standards, leaving truck manufacturers (OEMs) caught in the middle and struggling to navigate conflicting policies.

儘管如此，加州仍要求車廠遵循州標準，並威脅若未達成，將面臨民事處罰、被排除在加州市場之外，甚至失去州政府的採購與獎勵計畫資格。對此，美國司法部已向加州空氣資源委員會（CARB）發出「停止執行」函，指控加州的標準「違反聯邦法律」。

In 2023, California signed the Clean Truck Partnership with several automakers, laying out a plan to phase out traditional engine production between 2024 and 2026 while tightening emissions standards year by year. The framework allowed some flexibility for manufacturers in how they achieved compliance. However, in June 2024, the U.S. Congress passed a joint resolution overturning the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) earlier policy.

「車廠正處於不可能的處境，」訴狀中寫道，「加州強制要求業者遵循 CARB 的規範，否則將被市場排除並面臨處罰。」

Despite this, California has continued to demand that manufacturers follow state-level rules. The state has warned that companies failing to comply could face civil penalties, exclusion from California’s market, and loss of eligibility for state procurement programs and incentive schemes. In response, the U.S. Department of Justice issued a cease-and-desist letter to the California Air Resources Board (CARB), arguing that the state’s standards “violate federal law.”

協議中的一項條款更明確指出，即使相關法規的豁免或授權遭遇訴訟挑戰，或 CARB 的整體管轄權受到爭議，簽署企業仍須履行承諾，遵守加州的排放標準。

“Manufacturers are being placed in an impossible situation,” the complaint states, noting that CARB requires compliance under threat of market exclusion and penalties.

A provision in the Clean Truck Partnership further specifies that even if related regulatory waivers are challenged in court, or CARB’s broader authority is questioned, signatory companies must still adhere to California’s emissions standards.

目前，加州也正針對國會政策的推翻提出司法挑戰。加州最終目標是 到 2045 年實現重型卡車銷售 100% 零排放。

California has also filed its own legal challenge against Congress’s rollback. The state’s long-term target is to require 100% zero-emission sales for heavy-duty trucks by 2045.

這起由卡車製造商提起的訴訟，同時將 CARB 執行長 Steven Cliff 與州長 Gavin Newsom 列為被告。車廠方面指出，協議原意是「協調州與聯邦法律的遵循」，但如今卻造成嚴重衝突。

The lawsuit, filed by truck manufacturers, names CARB Executive Officer Steven Cliff and Governor Gavin Newsom as defendants. The companies argue that the agreement was originally intended to harmonize state and federal compliance, but has now created severe conflicts.

訴訟請求法院宣告聯邦法優先於州法，並裁定《清潔卡車夥伴協議》違憲，且違反《清潔空氣法》（Clean Air Act）的聯邦至上條款。

The plaintiffs are asking the court to affirm that federal law preempts state regulations, to declare the Clean Truck Partnership unconstitutional, and to rule that it violates the Clean Air Act’s federal supremacy clause.

「在這樣的背景下，原告車廠迫切需要法律與排放標準的明確指引，」訴訟文件寫道，並強調車廠必須在 2026 年新車型生產前，提前知道哪些車輛可以合法銷售，以及可銷售的地區範圍。

“In this context, the plaintiff manufacturers urgently need clear guidance on legal and emissions standards,” the filing states, emphasizing that OEMs must know well in advance of the 2026 model year which vehicles will be lawful to sell - and in which markets.