銀行化石融資增

最新發布的《Banking on Climate Chaos 2026》報告指出，全球65家大型銀行於2025年向化石燃料企業與相關專案提供的融資總額達9,060億美元，較2024年的8,426億美元增加8%，不僅連續第二年成長，支持化石燃料擴張（fossil fuel expansion）的資金更年增27%，反映全球金融體系在能源轉型進程中仍深度依賴高碳產業。

The latest Banking on Climate Chaos 2026 report found that the world's 65 largest banks provided $906 billion in financing to fossil fuel companies and projects in 2025, representing an 8% increase from 2024 and marking the second consecutive year of rising support for the sector.

該報告由Rainforest Action Network、Sierra Club、Reclaim Finance等多個國際非政府組織共同編製。報告顯示，美國銀行業仍是化石燃料融資的最大來源，2025年相關融資占全球總額32.2%，較前一年增加350億美元，為所有區域中增幅最高。

The report, compiled by organizations including the Rainforest Action Network, Sierra Club, and Reclaim Finance, also showed that financing specifically linked to fossil fuel expansion surged by 27% year over year.

其中， JPMorgan Chase 連續第三年成為全球最大化石燃料融資銀行，也是近五年來第四度居首。該行2025年對化石燃料企業的融資金額達582億美元，較2024年增加12.5%。 Bank of America 則以473億美元排名第二。

日本金融機構則成為本次排名變動的焦點。 Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group 以470億美元的融資額躍升至第三名，較前一年增加82億美元，創下單一年度最大增幅； Mizuho Financial Group 則以465億美元排名第四，年增12.8%。 Citigroup 則以453億美元退居第五。

U.S.-based institutions accounted for 32.2% of global fossil fuel financing, with the United States recording the largest regional increase, adding $35 billion in commitments compared with 2024.

JPMorgan Chase remained the world's largest fossil fuel financier for the third consecutive year, providing $58.2 billion in funding in 2025, a 12.5% increase from the previous year. Bank of America ranked second with $47.3 billion.

報告指出，化石燃料融資回升的背景，與Net-Zero Banking Alliance實質瓦解密切相關。隨著美國總統Donald Trump重返執政後，美國金融業面臨日益升高的反ESG政治壓力，多家北美銀行相繼退出淨零銀行聯盟，最終導致該組織放棄原有會員制度。

研究團隊認為，缺乏具法律約束力的規範，使得銀行更容易在政治與市場壓力下調整甚至撤回氣候承諾。加拿大銀行業便出現明顯轉向， Royal Bank of Canada (RBC) 與 Scotiabank 已取消2030年脫碳目標，後者更進一步撤除2050年淨零承諾。

Japanese financial institutions climbed the rankings, with Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group increasing its fossil fuel financing by $8.2 billion to $47 billion, while Mizuho Financial Group committed $46.5 billion, up 12.8% from 2024. Citigroup completed the top five with $45.3 billion in financing.

報告同時發現，截至2026年5月，在65家受評估銀行中，僅34家仍保有石油與天然氣產業政策，較過往明顯減少；其中更有8家銀行弱化或刪除了既有政策內容。此外，制定燃煤限制政策的銀行數量亦由46家下降至44家，而燃煤發電與煤礦擴張相關融資卻雙雙增加。

The report linked the trend partly to the decline of the Net-Zero Banking Alliance, following the withdrawal of several North American banks amid growing political opposition to ESG initiatives in the United States.

然而，區域差異也愈發明顯。報告顯示，2025年共有26家銀行降低對化石燃料的融資規模，主要集中於歐洲金融機構，包括 BNP Paribas 、Group BPCE及 Barclays 等。加拿大的 BMO Financial Group 則為降幅最大的銀行，較前一年減少39億美元。

Researchers noted that voluntary climate commitments have proven insufficient to sustain long-term action. Several banks have weakened or abandoned climate targets, including Canada's RBC and Scotiabank, while fewer institutions now maintain dedicated oil and gas sector policies.

值得注意的是，目前全球前12大化石燃料融資銀行已占整體融資總額近四成，顯示資金高度集中於少數大型金融機構。報告共同作者、BankTrack倡議主管Diogo Silva指出，自願性承諾已證明不足以驅動轉型，未來需透過具強制性的監管機制與揭露要求，才能真正將金融資本導向低碳經濟。

At the same time, a divide is emerging within the banking industry. Twenty-six banks reduced their fossil fuel exposure in 2025, with European institutions accounting for many of the declines. However, the twelve largest fossil fuel financiers now represent nearly 40% of total global fossil fuel banking activity.

隨著全球能源轉型進入關鍵階段，銀行業所扮演的角色已不再只是資金提供者，更是決定高碳資產存續與新興綠色產業發展速度的重要推手。如何將氣候目標內化至授信政策與風險管理架構，將成為金融機構未來面臨的核心治理挑戰。

The findings underscore the growing debate over whether mandatory regulation, rather than voluntary pledges, will be necessary to align financial systems with global climate objectives. As the energy transition accelerates, banks remain pivotal actors in determining whether capital continues to support carbon-intensive industries or shifts toward a lower-carbon economy.